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Adams, William Y. Nubia: Corridor to Africa. Princeton University Press, NJ, USA, 1977.
Arkell, Anthony J. A History of the Sudan: From the Earliest Times to 1821. London, 1955.
Bowman, Alan K. Egypt After the Pharaohs 332 BC - AD642. USA, 1986.
Budge, Sir E.A. Wallis. Egyptian Language, Easy Lessons in Egyptian Hieroglyphics. New York, 1983.
Budge, Wallis, Osiris & The Egyptian Resurrection (2 volumes). New York, 1973.
Butler, Alfred. The Arab Invasion of Egypt and the Last 30 Years of the Roman Dominion. NY, USA, 1992.
Dafalla, Hassan. The Nubian Exodus. London, 1975.
Erman, Adolf. Life in Ancient Egypt. New York, 1971.
Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress. Egypt: A Country Study, 1990, Washington DC.
Ibid, Sudan.
Gadalla, Moustafa. Egyptian Cosmology: The Absolute Harmony. USA, 1997.
Gadalla, Moustafa. Egyptian Romany: The Essence of Hispania. USA, 2004.
Gadalla, Moustafa. Egyptian Rhythm: The Heavenly Melodies. USA, 2002.
Gadalla, Moustafa. Exiled Egyptians: The Heart of Africa. USA, 1999.
Gadalla, Moustafa. Historical Deception: The Untold Story of Ancient Egypt. USA, 1996.
Gardiner, Alan. Egyptian Grammar. Oxford, 1994.
Herodotus. The Histories, translated by A. de Selincourt. New York and Harmondsworth, 1954.
James, T.G.H. An Introduction to Ancient Egypt. London, 1979.
Keating, Rex. Nubian Twilight. New York, 1963.
King, Joan Wucher. Historical Dictionary of Egypt. London, 1984.
Mango, Cyril. Byzantium: The Empire of New Rome. New York, USA, 1980.
Plato. The Collected Dialogues of Plato including the Letters. Edited by E. Hamilton & H. Cairns. New York, USA, 1961.
Siculus, Diodorus. Vol 1. Tr. by C.H. Oldfather. London, 1964.
Wayne, Scott. Egypt & The Sudan. Lonely Planet, 1990.
West, John A. The Travelers Key to Ancient Egypt. New York, 1989.
Wilkinson, Sir J. Gardner. The Ancient Egyptians, Their Life and Customs. London, 1988.
Numerous references written in Arabic.